![]() ![]() Every proposition is meaningful, although it may be either true or false. Statements which are not meaningful cannot be expressed as propositions. ![]() By the verification principle, meaningful statements have conditions under which their validity can be affirmed or denied. Propositions are statements which have conditions under which they can be verified. According to Ayer, if a statement expresses an empirical proposition, then the validity of the proposition is established by its empirical verifiability. The validity of synthetic statements is not established merely by the definition of the words or symbols which they contain. Synthetic statements, or empirical propositions, assert or deny something about the real world. Tautologies are true by definition, and thus their validity does not depend on empirical testing. ![]() According to Ayer, the statements of logic and mathematics are tautologies. A tautology is a repetition of the meaning of a statement, using different words or symbols. A tautology is a statement which is necessarily true, true by definition, and true under any conditions. a tautology) or capable of being verified.Īccording to Ayer, analytic statements are tautologies. ![]() To be meaningful, a statement must be either analytic (i.e. Ayer explains that the principle of verifiability may be used as a criterion to determine whether a statement is meaningful. ![]()
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